As part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, on Dec. 27, 2020, the U.S. Congress enacted the No Surprises Act (NSA), which contains many provisions to help protect consumers from surprise bills beginning January 1, 2022. The provisions in the NSA create requirements such as cost-sharing rules, prohibitions on balance billing for certain services, notice and consent requirements, and requirements related to disclosures about balance billing protections. The requirements in the NSA apply to healthcare providers and facilities and providers of air ambulance services. These requirements apply to items and services provided to individuals enrolled in group health plans or group or individual health insurance coverage, including Federal Employee Health Benefit plans. The NSA also requires providers and facilities to give good faith estimates to patients who do not have or are not using insurance, and the patient provider dispute resolution process may apply.
Your Rights and Protections Against Surprise Medical Bills
When you get emergency care or are treated by an out-of-network provider at an in-network hospital or ambulatory surgical center, you are protected from balance billing. In these cases, you should not be charged more than your plan’s copayments, coinsurance and/or deductible.
What is “balance billing” (sometimes called “surprise billing”)?
When you see a doctor or other healthcare provider, you may owe certain out-of-pocket costs, like a copayment, coinsurance, or deductible. You may have additional costs or have to pay the entire bill if you see a provider or visit a healthcare facility that is not in your health plan’s network.
“Out-of-network” means providers and facilities that have not signed a contract with your health plan to provide services. Out-of-network providers may be allowed to bill you for the difference between what your plan pays and the full amount charged for a service. This is called “balance billing.” This amount is likely more than in-network costs for the same service and might not count toward your plan’s deductible or annual out-of-pocket limit.
“Surprise billing” is an unexpected balance bill. This can happen when you cannot control who is involved in your care — like when you have an emergency or when you schedule a visit at an in network facility but are unexpectedly treated by an out-of-network provider. Surprise medical bills could cost thousands of dollars depending on the procedure or service.
You are protected from balance billing for:
Emergency services
If you have an emergency medical condition and get emergency services from an out-of-network provider or facility, the most they can bill you is your plan’s in-network cost-sharing amount (such as copayments, coinsurance and deductibles). You cannot be balance billed for these emergency services. This includes services you may get after you are in stable condition unless you give written consent and give up your protections not to be balanced billed for these
post-stabilization services.
See below for information on state balance billing laws in Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Minnesota and
Wisconsin.
Certain services at an in-network hospital or ambulatory surgical center
When you get services from an in-network hospital or ambulatory surgical center, certain providers there may be out-of-network. In these cases, the most those providers can bill you is your plan’s in-network cost-sharing amount. This applies to emergency medicine, anesthesia, pathology, radiology, laboratory, neonatology, assistant surgeon, hospitalist or intensivist services. These providers cannot balance bill you and may not ask you to give up your protections not to be balance billed. If you get other types of services at these in-network facilities, out-of-network providers cannot balance bill you, unless you give written consent and give up your protections.
You are never required to give up your protections from balance billing. You also are not required to get out-of-network care. You can choose a provider or facility in your plan’s network.
See below for information on state balance billing laws in Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Minnesota and
Wisconsin.
When balance billing is not allowed, you also have these protections:
- You are only responsible for paying your share of the cost (like the copayments, coinsurance, and deductible that you would pay if the provider or facility was in network). Your health plan will pay any additional costs to out-of-network providers and facilities directly.
- Generally, your health plan must:
- Cover emergency services without requiring you to get approval for services in
advance (also known as “prior authorization”). - Cover emergency services by out-of-network providers.
- Base what you owe the provider or facility (cost-sharing) on what it would pay an
in-network provider or facility and show that amount in your explanation of
benefits. - Count any amount you pay for emergency services or out-of-network services
toward your in-network deductible and out-of-pocket limit.
- Cover emergency services without requiring you to get approval for services in
Depending on the location where you are seen, state laws in Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Minnesota
or Wisconsin may provide additional balance billing protections. However, these protections
only apply to health plans subject to state law. See the following for more information on these
state laws:
- Arizona law protects against balance billing for certain out-of-network emergency and
non-emergency services, in addition to a consumer dispute resolution process. See
Arizona Revised Statutes §§ 20-3111-3119 and visit difi.az.gov/soonbdr. - Florida law protects against balance billing for certain out-of-network emergency
services and non-emergency services. Florida also provides a consumer dispute
resolution process for certain disputes. See Florida Statutes
§§ 627.64194, 641.3154, 641.513 and 408.7057. - Iowa law protects against balance billing for out-of-network emergency services. See
Iowa Code § 514C.16. - Minnesota law protects against balance billing for certain emergency and nonemergency
services. See Minnesota Statutes §§ 62K.11, 62Q.55 and 62Q.556. - Wisconsin currently has no balance billing protections under state law.
If you believe you have been wrongly billed:
Visit Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) at cms.gov/medical-bill-rights for more
information about your rights under federal law. You may also contact the No Surprises Help
Desk by calling 1-800-985-3059.
Visit the following websites for more information about your rights under applicable state laws:
Arizona: difi.az.gov/soonbdr
Florida: floir.com/, myfloridacfo.com/Division/Consumers/
Iowa: iid.iowa.gov/legal-resources/legal-information/no-surprises-act/no-surprises-act consumer-information
Minnesota: ag.state.mn.us/consumer/health/default.asp
Wisconsin: oci.wi.gov/Pages/Consumers/Health.aspx
You have the right to receive a “good faith estimate” explaining how much your healthcare will cost.
Under the law, healthcare providers need to give patients who do not have certain types of
healthcare coverage or who are not using certain types of healthcare coverage an estimate of
their bill for healthcare items and services before those items or services are provided.
- You have the right to receive a good faith estimate for the total expected cost of any
healthcare items or services upon request or when scheduling such items or services. This
includes related costs like medical tests, prescription drugs, equipment, and hospital fees. - If you schedule a healthcare item or service at least 3 business days in advance, make
sure your healthcare provider or facility gives you a good faith estimate in writing within
1 business day after scheduling. If you schedule a healthcare item or service at least 10
business days in advance, make sure your healthcare provider or facility gives you a good
faith estimate in writing within 3 business days after scheduling. You can also ask any
healthcare provider or facility for a good faith estimate before you schedule an item or
service. If you do, make sure the healthcare provider or facility gives you a good faith
estimate in writing within 3 business days after you ask. - If you receive a bill that is at least $400 more for any provider or facility than your good
faith estimate from that provider or facility, you can dispute the bill.